Encarta Encyclopedia 2002

Explore the factchecked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts. Get information, facts, and pictures about Denmark at Encyclopedia. Make research projects and school reports about Denmark easy with credible articles from our. Historia. La Comptons Multimedia Encyclopedia lanzada en el ao 1989 se considera como la primera enciclopedia multimedia en CDROM. Sin embargo, aos antes. Microsoft Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation from 1993 to 2009. Originally available for sale on 2 to 4 CDROMs or a DVD. The Oldowan is the archaeological term used to refer to the stone tool industry that was used by hominids during the earliest Palaeolithic period. Encarta Encyclopedia 2002 CadillacEncyclopedia New World Encyclopedia. An encyclopedia, encyclopaedia or traditionally encyclopdia,1 is a comprehensive written compendium that contains information on all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. The word comes from the Classical Greek pron. Encarta Encyclopedia 2002 Calendar' title='Encarta Encyclopedia 2002 Calendar' />Avg. The Congo River is named after the ancient Kingdom of Kongo, which inhabited the lands at the. An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field. Encarta Encyclopedia 2002 SilveradoIn ancient times encyclopedias were teaching tools for instruction of the aristocracy. They were compiled by teachers and their schools, and they were arranged by subject matter rather than as an alphabetical reference work. In the Middle Ages in the Holy Roman Empire knowledge was largely controlled by the Church and encyclopedias were kept by religious scholars in conformity with church doctrine. The modern alphabetical encyclopedia evolved in the context of the Enlightenment and the rise of modern science. It is a reference work ordered like an expanded dictionary and is designed to be available to everyone. The first modern type encyclopedia, compiled by teams of scholars, arranged alphabetically, and composing 2. Denis Diderot in France, with the expressed purpose of disseminating Enlightenment ideas and the new advances in scientific knowledge to a wide audience. In so doing, it effectively undermined the Churchs traditional monopoly on knowledge. Modern encyclopedias, by making the sum of knowledge available to all citizens, are designed to be tools for democracy. The Encyclopedia Britannica, became the premier standard for encyclopedias in the nineteenth century as it integrated scientific and traditional knowledge. However, it too was charged with cultural bias, and after its eleventh edition, the Britannica began producing a more scientistic collection of facts and data with greatly reduced entries on biography and social sciences. As knowledge has increased exponentially over the last century, modern encyclopedias contained annual updates to attempt to keep their owners current. Modern religious encyclopedias, like the Catholic Encyclopedia 1. The information age led to digital encyclopedias which are not bound by the restrictions of print. They go beyond modern encyclopedias in content, size, and cross referencing. These digital encyclopedias, produced on CD ROM and the Internet, have almost entirely superseded print encyclopedias in the twenty first century. Traditional encyclopedias, like the Encyclopedia Britannica, have survived by creating CD ROM and Internet versions. However, new forms of encyclopedias, like the popular Wikipedia, have taken advantage of the Internet, which provides wide accessibility and the possibility of harnessing a huge virtual community of volunteer writers and editors to the task of creating and updating articles on every imaginable topic. These online collaborative encyclopedias are frequently charged with lack of quality control, but they have nonetheless rapidly displaced the traditional print encyclopedias because of their accessibility and breadth. The ongoing issues related to the development of encyclopedias include the proper integration of facts and values and the quality control of the accuracy of vast bodies of information becoming available. Use of the term Encyclopedia. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1. Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius in the title page of his Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia Basel 1. It was first used as a noun by the encyclopedist Pavao Skalic in the title of his book Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines Basel 1. Several encyclopedias have names that include the term paedia, e. Banglapedia on matters relevant for Bengal. Characteristics of an Encyclopedia. The encyclopedia as we recognize it today was developed from the dictionary in the eighteenth century. A dictionary primarily focuses on words and their definition, typically in one sentence. This leave the reader lacking in a comprehensive understanding of the meaning or significance of the term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. Encyclopdia Britannica, the oldest and one of the largest contemporary English encyclopedias. To address those needs, an encyclopedia treats each subject in more depth and conveys the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject or discipline, given the overall length of the particular work. An encyclopedia also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well educated, well informed content experts, who have attempted to make them as accurate, concise and readable as possible. Four major elements define an encyclopedia its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production. Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field the English language Encyclopdia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well known examples. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. They can also specialize in a particular field such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy, or law. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain. Such works have been envisioned and attempted throughout much of human history, but the term encyclopedia was first used to refer to such works in the sixteenth century. The first general encyclopedias that succeeded in being both authoritative as well as encyclopedic in scope appeared in the eighteenth century. Every encyclopedic work is, of course, an abridged version of all knowledge, and works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion. The target audience may influence the scope a childrens encyclopedia will be narrower than one for adults. Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias the alphabetical method consisting of a number of separate articles, organized in alphabetical order, or organization by hierarchical categories. The former method is today the most common by far, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer previously unimaginable capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference. The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the eighteenth century Encyclopdie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection. As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, they have had an ever increasing effect on the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as h. Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. Encyclopedia Wikipedia. Title page of Lucubrationes. An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of information from either all branches of knowledge or from a particular field or discipline. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name2 and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the articles title. Sql Query Optimizer Tool Mysql on this page. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,0. As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries, schools and other educational institutions. The appearance of digital and open source versions in the 2. Etymology. Indeed, the purpose of an encyclopedia is to collect knowledge disseminated around the globe to set forth its general system to the men with whom we live, and transmit it to those who will come after us, so that the work of preceding centuries will not become useless to the centuries to come and so that our offspring, becoming better instructed, will at the same time become more virtuous and happy, and that we should not die without having rendered a service to the human race in the future years to come. Diderot7The word encyclopedia comes from the Koine Greek ,8 transliterated enkyklios paideia, meaning general education from enkyklios, meaning circular, recurrent, required regularly, general9 and paideia, meaning education, rearing of a child 1. Latin manuscripts. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge. Copyists of Latin manuscripts took this phrase to be a single Greek word, enkyklopaidia, with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek word became the New Latin word encyclopaedia, which in turn came into English. Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1. Johannes Aventinus Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio, and in 1. Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia. Title page of Skalichs. Encyclopaedia, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon from 1. The word encyclopaedia was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian encyclopedist Pavao Skali in his Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1. One of the oldest vernacular uses was by Franois Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix paedia, e. Banglapedia on matters relevant for Bangladesh. Tune Up Utilities 2012 Portable Heaters. Today in English, the word is most commonly spelled encyclopedia, though encyclopaedia from encyclopdia is also used in Britain. Characteristics. The modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 1. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well educated, well informed content experts, but they are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no obvious place for in depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, theoretically, not written in order to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its reader of its own veracity. To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions, and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a subject or discipline. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the article is able to treat the topics more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. Four major elements define an encyclopedia its subject matter, its scope, its method of organization, and its method of production Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field the English language Encyclopdia Britannica and German Brockhaus are well known examples. General encyclopedias may contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia or Encyclopaedia Judaica. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their subject domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy, or law. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, depending on the target audience. Some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable for reference. There have historically been two main methods of organizing printed encyclopedias the alphabetical method consisting of a number of separate articles, organized in alphabetical order and organization by hierarchical categories. The former method is today the more common, especially for general works. The fluidity of electronic media, however, allows new possibilities for multiple methods of organization of the same content. Further, electronic media offer new capabilities for search, indexing and cross reference. The epigraph from Horace on the title page of the 1. Encyclopdie suggests the importance of the structure of an encyclopedia What grace may be added to commonplace matters by the power of order and connection. As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, new methods have emerged for the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as Everything. Encarta, h. 2g. 2, and Wikipedia are examples of new forms of the encyclopedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. The method of production for an encyclopedia historically has been supported in both for profit and non profit contexts. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia mentioned above was entirely state sponsored, while the Britannica was supported as a for profit institution. By comparison, Wikipedia is supported by volunteers contributing in a non profit environment under the organization of the Wikimedia Foundation. Some works entitled dictionaries are actually similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned with a particular field such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, and Blacks Law Dictionary.